Welcome to First Choice Physical Therapy’s patient resource about Piriformis Syndrome.
Pain in the buttock that radiates down the leg is commonly called sciatica. The most common cause for sciatica is irritation of the spinal nerves in or near the lumbar spine. Sometimes the nerve irritation is not in the spine but further down the leg. One possible cause of sciatica is piriformis syndrome. Piriformis syndrome can be painful, but it is seldom dangerous and rarely leads to the need for surgery. Most people with this condition can reduce the pain and manage the problem with simple methods, such as Physical Therapy.
This guide will help you understand:
- how the problem develops
- how doctors diagnose the condition
- what treatment options are available
Anatomy
What parts of the body are involved?
The lower lumbar spinal nerves leave the spine and join to form the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis through an opening called the sciatic notch.
The piriformis muscle begins inside the pelvis. It connects to the sacrum, the triangular shaped bone that sits between the pelvic bones at the base of the spine. The connection of the sacrum to the pelvis bones forms the sacroiliac joint. There is one sacroiliac joint on the left and one on the right of the low back. The other end of the piriformis muscle connects by a tendon to the greater trochanter, the bump of bone on the top side of your hip.
The piriformis muscle is one of the external rotators of the hip and leg. This means that as the muscle works, it helps to turn the foot and leg outward. Problems in the
piriformis muscle can cause problems with the sciatic nerve. This is because the sciatic
nerve runs under (and sometimes through) the piriformis muscle on its way out of the
pelvis. The piriformis muscle can squeeze and irritate the sciatic nerve in this area,
leading to the symptoms of sciatica.
Lumbar Spine Anatomy
Causes
What causes this problem?
The symptoms of sciatica come from irritation of the sciatic nerve. It’s still a mystery why the piriformis muscle sometimes starts to irritate the sciatic nerve. Many doctors think that the condition begins when the piriformis muscle goes into spasm and tightens against the sciatic nerve, squeezing the nerve against the bone of the pelvis.
In some cases, the muscle may be injured due to a fall onto the buttock. Bleeding in and around the piriformis muscle forms a hematoma. A hematoma describes the blood that has pooled in that area. The piriformis muscle begins to swell and put pressure on the sciatic nerve. Soon the hematoma dissolves, but the muscle goes into spasm.
The sciatic nerve stays irritated and continues to be a problem. Eventually the muscle heals, but some of the muscle fibers inside the piriformis muscle are replaced by scar tissue. Scar tissue is not nearly as flexible and elastic as normal muscle tissue. The piriformis muscle can tighten up and put constant pressure against the sciatic nerve.
Symptoms
What does the condition feel like?
Piriformis syndrome commonly causes pain that radiates down the back of the leg. The pain may be felt only on one side, though it is sometimes felt on both sides. The pain can radiate down the leg all the way to the foot and may be confused for a herniated disc in the lumbar spine. Changes in sensation and weakness in the leg or foot are rare. Some people say they feel a sensation of vague tingling down the leg.
Sitting may be difficult. Usually people with piriformis syndrome do not like to sit.When they do sit down, they tend to sit with the sore side buttock tilted up rather than sitting flat in the chair.
Diagnosis
How do health care providers diagnose the problem?
Diagnosis begins with a complete history and physical exam. When you visit First Choice Physical Therapy, we will ask questions about your symptoms and how the pain is affecting your daily activities. Our Physical Therapist will also want to know which positions or activities make your symptoms worse or better. We will also ask you about any past injuries and about other medical problems you and your family members might have.
Next, our Physical Therapist examines you by checking your posture, how you walk, and where your pain is located. We will also check to see which back movements cause pain or other symptoms. Your skin sensation, muscle strength, and reflexes will also be tested.
Some patients may be referred to a doctor for further diagnosis. Once your diagnostic examination is complete, the Physical Therapists at First Choice Physical Therapy have treatment options that will help speed your recovery, so that you can more quickly return to your active lifestyle.
Our Treatment
Non-surgical Rehabilitation
Most patients with piriformis syndrome work with a Physical Therapist. When you visit First Choice Physical Therapy, after evaluating your condition, our Physical Therapist will use treatments to ease spasm and pain in the piriformis muscle.
Physical Therapy treatments for piriformis syndrome at First Choice Physical Therapy often begin with heat applications. Our Physical Therapist may place a hot pack over your buttocks muscle. Heat is used to help the piriformis muscle relax, easing spasm and pain.
Ultrasound is another treatment choice we use that can be set for deep heating in the buttock area. Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves that are directed through the skin. The deep heating effect of ultrasound is ideal for preparing the piriformis muscle for hands-on forms of treatment and for getting the muscle to stretch out.
Hands-on treatments such as deep massage and specialized forms of soft-tissue mobilization may be used initially. Our Physical Therapist may also position your hip and leg in a way that helps to relax nerve signals to the piriformis.
We recommend exercises for our piriformis syndrome patients, particularly stretching exercises, to try and relieve irritation on the sciatic nerve. Stretching is especially effective following heat and hands on treatments. Your Physical Therapist will position you in ways that help you get a good stretch on the piriformis muscle. Along with the stretches you will do in the clinic, we will show you several ways to stretch the muscle on your own. You will need to do your stretches every few hours. Be gentle and cautious as you stretch to avoid overdoing it.
As your symptoms ease, our Physical Therapist will gradually advance your program to include posture training, muscle strengthening, and general conditioning. Although recovery and rehabilitation time is different for each patient, as a guideline, you may expect to attend Physical Therapy sessions two to three times each week for six to eight weeks.
Post-surgical Rehabilitation
Your surgeon may prescribe Physical Therapy after surgery for piriformis syndrome. Although recovery times vary, you may expect to attend sessions for four to six weeks. Expect full recovery to take up to three months.
When you begin your Physical Therapy program after surgery, our Physical Therapist may use treatments such as heat or ice, electrical stimulation, massage, and ultrasound to help calm your pain and muscle spasm. Then we’ll begin instructing you on how to move safely, putting the least strain on the healing area.
As your First Choice Physical Therapy rehabilitation program evolves, you’ll begin doing more challenging exercises. Our goal is to safely advance strength and function.
As Physical Therapy sessions continue, our Physical Therapist will help you get back to the activities you enjoy. We will provide you with guidance on how to change the way you go about your activities and which activities are safe to perform. Ideally, you’ll be able to resume normal activities.
When your recovery is well under way, regular visits to First Choice Physical Therapy will end. Although we will continue to be a resource, you’ll be in charge of doing your exercises as part of an ongoing home program.
First Choice Physical Therapy provides services for Physical Therapy in Lynn Haven and Panama City Beach.
Physician Review
If there is any question whether you might have an infection or some type of arthritis affecting multiple joints, your doctor may order laboratory tests. You may need to have blood drawn and give a urine sample to send to the laboratory for special tests.
Radiological Testing
X-rays are commonly ordered of both the low back and pelvis. X-rays can give your doctor an idea about how much wear and tear has developed in the sacroiliac joint. X- rays of the lumbar spine and hips are also helpful to rule out problems in these areas that may look and act like sacroiliac joint problems.
Other radiological tests may also be useful. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can be used to look at the lumbar spine and pelvis in much more detail and rule out other conditions in the area conditions. The MRI scan uses magnetic waves rather than X-rays and shows a very detailed picture of the soft tissues of the body.
A special type of MRI scan called neurography is being used more frequently to look at nerves. This uses a regular MRI scanner, but the computer settings are set to look for areas of irritation along a nerve. This may change the way doctors use the MRI to diagnose nerve problems such as piriformis syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
A bone scan is useful to see how the skeleton is reacting to any type of “stress,” such as an injury, an infection, or inflammation from arthritis. Chemical “tracers” are injected into your blood stream. The tracers then show up on special spine X- rays. The tracers collect in areas where the bone tissue is reacting strongly to some type of stress to the skeleton, such as arthritis and infection of the sacroiliac joint.
Diagnostic Injections
The most accurate way to tell if the piriformis muscle is the cause of pain is with a diagnostic injection into the muscle. The muscle is deep inside the buttock, so the injection requires X-ray guidance with a fluoroscope, a CT scanner, or an open MRI machine. Once the needle is placed in the muscle, an anesthetic can be injected into the muscle to paralyze the piriformis muscle. If the pain goes away after the injection, your doctor can be reasonably sure that the pain you are feel is from piriformis syndrome.
Medical Treatment
Doctors often begin by prescribing nonsurgical treatment for piriformis syndrome. In some cases, doctors simply monitor their patients’ condition to see if symptoms improve. Anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, are commonly used to treat the pain and inflammation caused by the irritation on the nerve. Acetaminophen (for example Tylenol) can be used to treat the pain but will not control the inflammation. Ensure that you consult with your doctor or pharmacist regarding the use of pain relief or anti-inflammatory medication.
Injection Therapies
If you still have pain after Physical Therapy, your doctor may suggest injections. The main use of injections is to see if your pain is from piriformis syndrome. An injection of local anesthetic such as lidocaine can be injected into the muscle to temporarily relax it. This loosens up the muscle and reduces the irritation on the sciatic nerve. Other medications have also been injected into the piriformis muscle.
ortisone, for example, may be mixed with the anesthetic medication to reduce the inflammation on the sciatic nerve. Cortisone is a potent anti-inflammatory medication that is commonly used both in pill form and in injections to treat inflammation.
Botulism injection therapy (also known as Botox injections) can be used to actually paralyze the piriformis muscle. This makes the muscle relax, which helps take pressure off the sciatic nerve. The effect of the Botox injection isn’t permanent; it generally only lasts a few months. In the meantime, however, it is hoped that a stretching program can be used to fix the problem. In other words, when the injection wears off, the muscle may have been stretched enough so that the symptoms do not return.
Surgery
Surgery may be considered but usually only as a last resort. There are two procedures in use. The first is to cut the piriformis tendon where it attaches on the greater trochanter (the bump on the side of your hip). The other method is to cut through the piriformis muscle to take pressure off the sciatic nerve.
These procedures are usually done on an outpatient basis, meaning that you will be able to go home the same day as the surgery. In some cases, you may need to stay in the hospital for one night. Both procedures can be done under general anesthesia or under aspinal type of anesthetic.
The surgeon begins by making a small incision, usually about three inches long, in the buttock. The fibers of the gluteus maximus, the largest buttock muscle, are split. This gives the surgeon a way to see deep into the buttock and locate the piriformis muscle. When the piriformis muscle and tendon can be seen, the surgeon then cuts (releases) the tendon where it connects to the greater trochanter.
If more room is needed to release the pressure on the nerve, a portion of the piriformis muscle may be removed. This usually doesn’t cause problems with strength because there are several much stronger muscles that help turn the leg outward.